Traceability Systems for a Sustainable International Trade In South-East Asian Python Skins

TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS AT AT York Geneva, 2014 Note views expressed research author necessarily reflect views United Nations Secretariat. designations employed presentation material imply expression opinion whatsoever part United Nations Secretariat legal status country, territory, city area, authorities, delimitation frontiers boundaries. Material publication freely quoted reprinted, acknowledgement requested, reference document number. copy publication quotation reprint UNCTAD CITES secretariats. purpose Study: - pines, Singapore, Thailand Viet Nam. traceability skin. document reproduced formal editing. UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2013/6 Copyright © United Nations, 2014 rights reserved Acknowledgements Study -commissioned UNCTAD CITES Secretariats prepared . Don Ashley. author worked close collaboration UNCTAD CITES staff: UNCTAD Swiss State Secretariat Economic Affairs (SECO). - modities (DITC), United Nations Conference Trade Development (UNCTAD). part larger effort Director Division International Trade iii Contents Note ................................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................................... Executive summary ..........................................................................................................................................vi . INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 1 ................................................................................................. 1 Consultation process Study .............................................................................................................. 3 ......................................................................................................... 4 II. MARKING AND TRACEABILITY ............................................................................... 7 Marking systems ......................................................................................................................................... 7 -tier traceability system ......................................................................................................................... 7 Type marking options .............................................................................................................................. 9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Supply chain snake skins point tagging ..................................................................................... 14 ................................................................................................................................................ 15 traceability issues ............................................................................................................................ 17 III. COMPLEMENTING CITES PERMITTING SYSTEMS .................................................. 21 Shipment declarations ............................................................................................................................... 22 Trade monitoring ....................................................................................................................................... 22 Sustainable sourcing strategies ................................................................................................................. 24 IV. IMPROVE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE FRAMEWORKS ........................ 27 -detriment findings .............................................................................................................................. 27 Annual quotas ........................................................................................................................................... 27 ............................................................................................ 29 . ENCHANCE COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT .................................................... 31 VI. ENHANCE CAPACITY BUILDING .......................................................................... 33 VII. ENCOURAGE STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ........................................................ 35 Industry stakeholder initiatives ................................................................................................................... 35 VIII. DEDICATED FUNDING ....................................................................................... 37 IX. EQUITABLE COST AND BENEFIT SHARING ............................................................ 39 . ANIMAL WELFARE AND HUMANE KILLING GUIDELINES ......................................... 41 XI. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 43 XII. KEY FINDINGS AND NEXT STEPS ....................................................................... 45 Marking traceability systems ............................................................................................................... 45 traceability issues ............................................................................................................................ 45 Contents iv TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS Complementing CITES permitting systems .......................................................................................... 46 Improve conservation sustainable frameworks ............................................................................. 46 Enhance compliance enforcement ...................................................................................................... 46 Enhance capacity building ......................................................................................................................... 47 Encourage stakeholder engagement ......................................................................................................... 47 Dedicated funding ..................................................................................................................................... 47 ........................................................................................ 47 Animal welfare humane killing guidelines ............................................................................................. 47 steps................................................................................................................................................. 47 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................. 49 ..................................................................................................................................................... 50 Consultations ................................................................................................................................................. 51 Notes ............................................................................................................................................................ 52 vAcronyms Acronyms AAC Alligator Advisory Council AMS Adaptive Management Strategies AVA Agri-food Veterinary Authority Singapore EC European Commission EU European Union IACTS International Alligator Crocodile Trade Study INV Inventory designation stockpile skins ITC International Trade Center IUCN International Union Conservation Nature MA Management Authority NDF -Detriment Finding NFC Field Communication SA Scientific Authority SSC Species Survival Commission (IUCN) TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine UNCTAD United Nations Conference Trade Development VCC Visual Computing Consultancy vi TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY implementing traceability system snake skins based studies reports, guidance recommendations Standing Committee. response, UNCTAD CITES Secretariat jointly tracing systems, traceability system confirm legal origin snake skins, economic feasibility current technologies implement traceability marking system. Specific recommendations CITES Animals Committee Standing Committee elaborated UNCTAD CITES Secretariat inputs received stakeholders consultations, briefings, meetings, peer reviews workshops conducted preparing Study, discussions Study. Study prepared basis inputs received stakeholders extensive intensive consultations, briefings, meetings, peer reviews workshops. key conclusions emerged work : (1) urgent mark python skins traded, (2) inventory tagging python skin stockpiles South East Asia, (3) recognition dedicated funding sources annually support monitoring programs including research, management, enforcement, compliance, trade monitoring Marking python skins urgent mark python skins traded ensure trade legal, sustainable verifiable (traceable independently monitored), benefits commerce (economic gains), conservation (habitats wetlands), communities (local people cultures). Improved traceability contribute confirming origin legal sourcing, export permits strengthen credibility CITES certification system. time, noted improved traceability tagging systems prevent totally overcome false declarations origin, laundering wild skins direct smuggling. issues, timely strict penalties -compliance. traceability systems considered, -tier system emerged preferred option. manufacturing retail product supported, clear consensus emerged optional mandatory. implication mandatory marking finished products requires review. traceability system based emergence local manufacturing capacity added strategy, increased incomes local communities including apprentices craftsmen. python skin tags tanning operations, finishing, specific unique requirements discussions needed concerned industries examine workable solutions, including potential loopholes retagging. part improved traceability system, Adaptive Management Strategies -Detriment Findings Inventory python skin stockpiles South East Asia inventory python skin stockpiles South East Asia ideally supervision local CITES vii inventory guidelines developed address tagging, pre-Convention stock ( remains), budget administer inventory. Snake skin skinning instructions deter stockpiling successfully Argentina model accountability systems. Skinning instructions stockpiles annual range State quotas tagged account-based reporting systems databases operational. Compliance, capacity building dedicated funding sources Networks) greatly assist ASEAN range State enforcement efforts. Compliance monitoring improved transport documents included tag number manifests, shipping declarations, electronic reporting, designated port inspections enhanced enforcement techniques. Capacity building management practices essential building blocks enhance research, management, enforcement, compliance, trade monitoring conservation education. Engaging local range State biologists scientists important step developing local champions work promote strategies sustainability local communities. Economic incentives legal trade, -added tanning manufacturing options, development - benefit sharing. importance python trade values local livelihoods highlighted initiatives include linking media private sector stakeholders. comprehensive commercial case levels captive-bred python skins reported trade range States databases (including scanners, computers, technical expertise) sustainable sourcing initiatives Trade data future. industry participants stakeholders. issues options setting national quotas carefully reviewed ways effectively monitor leverage trade values range States. Continued dialogue follow- Executive summary viii TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS States industry integral part developing protection, management, sustainability strategies conservation education large CITES-listed snakes. work group supported CITES Secretariat, UNCTAD institutions interest trade python skins. Explore collaboration options stakeholders, public-private partnerships, order implement initiatives addressing issues tagging, stockpiling, sustainable sourcing, monitoring, animal welfare dedicated funding issues. option range States initiate national legislation regulations require python skins trade tagged 2015 stockpiles python skins inventoried tagged 2014 promoted considered. issues tagging traceability, stockpiles, inventories, sustainable sourcing guidelines, enforcement, compliance, trade monitoring, dedicated funding animal welfare. constructive industry forum includes range States, regional trade representatives enhance future stakeholder engagement. commerce (economic incentives), conservation (wetlands habitats) communities (local people cultures) needed. . 1I. Introduction . INTRODUCTION Background Study -commissioned United Nations Conference Trade Development (UNCTAD) CITES Secretariat ambitious attempt undertake scoping study sustainable sourcing snake skins South East Asia. Study - tended practical guide improved trace- ability systems work stakeholders, affect livelihoods local people benefit conservation species bal- anced economic incentives linked wildlife habitats. Species South East Asian python concerned study : Python reticulatus ssp), Python bivittatus ssp), Python curtus, . brongersmai . bretensteini). emerged stakeholder consultations peer review Study specific suggestions direct ways reduce illegal trade py- thon skins, implement tagging traceability sys- tem, identify dedicated funding options suggest timetable implementation. considered important clear traceability system offer, management actions work conjunction traceability system achieve sustainable harvest reducing il- legal trade. Study related stakeholder consultations1, consensus emerged 1) urgent tag python skins, 2) support inventory python stockpiles South East Asia , 3) rec- ognition dedicated funding sources annually support monitoring programs including research, management, enforcement, compliance, trade monitoring conservation education. Study explores options strengthening - trol monitoring systems international trade python skins promoting private sector engagement sustainable sourcing regulated trade CITES listed species. Study aims recommend actions options urgently ways tag python skins trade, enhance insti- importance capacity building dedicated funding improve research, management, enforce- ment, compliance, trade monitoring conservation education. words, develop practical guide- lines implementation timelines CITES context benefit commerce (economic incentives), conservation (ecosystems) communities (local people cultures). terms reference Study highlighted CITES process UNCTAD’ contribution United Nations Conference Trade De- velopment (UNCTAD) focal point United Nations trade development relation finance, technology, invest- Box 1: Summary UNCTAD/CITES TORs Objectives Scoping Traceability Study South East Asian python skins (March-August, 2013) frameworks compliance standards. trade monitoring. 2 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS ment sustainable development. Convention Fauna Flora (CITES) multilateral environ- mental agreement established ensure interna- sustainable, legal traceable order avoid wild. Due complementary goals, UNCTAD CITES secretariats fostered long-standing - operation ensuring sustainable regulated trade specimens CITES listed species, defined common Memorandum Understanding (MoU) signed March 2010. main objectives MoU aimed ensuring conservation species, enhancing livelihoods poor people remote marginal areas, promoting business opportunities entrepreneurs fully comply CITES requirements, national regula- tions. MoU, attention role positive economic incentives sustain- management CITES Appendix II III-listed species. , UNCTAD collaborating CITES - cisions 16.102 16.105, instructs : Decision 16.102 ) inform Parties results International Trade Centre (ITC) Study trade py- thon snakes Asia, UNCTAD Biotrade Initiative’ Working Group reptile skin sourcing, , relevant studies - formation; 16.103 Animals Committee : ) review results activities De- cision 16.102, paragraphs ) ), results ITC Study relevant stud- ies trade python snakes Asia UNC- TAD Biotrade Initiative’ Working Group reptile skin sourcing, ; , based studies reports, develop guidance rec- ommendations consideration Standing Committee; ) examine Study undertaken UNCTAD Biotrade Initiative’ Working Group reptile skin sourcing mentioned Decision 16.102, paragraph ), relevant information - cerning: ) existing marking tracing systems , relevant, accompanying certification schemes kinds ( necessarily lim- ited trade wild species), provide practices applicable snakes; ii) traceability system confirm legal origin snake skins; iii) economic feasibility current technologies implement traceability marking system; ) advise Standing Committee feasibility Box 2: CITES decision making process timetable trade python skins South East Asia (SC) studies undertaken ITC, UNCTAD information . recommendations , feasible implemented, issues () existing marking, tracing certification systems, (ii) traceability systems confirm legal origin snake skins (iii) economic feasibility implement systems. AC advise AC. - ing systems studies undertaken fed CITES process. Source 3I. Introduction implementing traceability system snakes; ) report status work 65th 66th meetings Standing Committee. 16.105 Standing Committee : ) reports recommendations Animals Committee Secretariat pro- vided accordance Decisions 16.102 16.103 , , results ITC Study trade python snakes Asia, UNC- TAD Biotrade Initiative’ Working Group reptile skin sourcing, relevant - formation; ) examine Study undertaken UNCTAD Biotrade Initiative’ Working Group reptile skin sourcing, relevant informa- tion : ) socio-economic implications traceability system; ii) potential costs system levels supply chain, producers - sumers; ) recommendations Parties, Animals Committee Secretariat ; summary CITES decision making process mentioned , key aspect Study explore options strengthening control moni- toring systems international trade South East Asian python skins promote private sec- tor engagement sustainable sourcing regulated trade CITES listed species. Decisions recommendation adopted twenty-sixth meeting Animals Committee March 2012, results UNCTAD work development International Traceability System Snake Skins rec- ommendations sixteenth meeting Confer- - tive, UNCTAD-CITES MoU, UNCTAD CITES commissioned scoping Study provide analysis options consideration system python skins. UNCTAD. roundtable platform discuss issue traceability contours UNCTAD/CITES scoping Study provide analysis, details options traceability system snake skins based members civil society, integrating issues - cost implications range States (.. States python skins sourced). Consultation process study Study intended move python skin trade legal, sustainable traceable generates positive environmental impacts (improved conservation status species ecosystems), economic social benefits (countries, private sec- tor local communities, improved livelihoods local people recognition practices cultures). - 2 3. fourth Study captive-breeding issues assessments undertaken members IUCN/ - pleted year. Meetings consultations conducted countries4 inputs viewpoints author respect sensitive industry input spirit - move python trade legal supply traceable sustainable practical lowest cost op- tions. Direct input obtained luxury brands attending UNCTAD/CITES Information 5 members important insight sustainabil- ity traceability issues, including planned research DNA, Isotopic diagnostics accurately determine origins future. - 4 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS examples Anaconda skinning instructions, - fulness differentiate harvest years - vided references physical marking techniques crocodilian captive breeding operations obser- - ID manuals contacted colleagues opinions - - needed commerce conservation encouragement proactive objectives valuable contributions Study, representative comprehensive approach increase awareness, input engagement stake- holders interest traceability sustainabil- ity options pythons. broad cross-section stakeholders valu- input Study included regional trade - - South East Asia held Indonesia, Malaysia, Viet Nam Singapore CITES Management Scientific Authorities snake catchers, collectors, farmers, tanners exporters. series meetings regular consultations held UNCTAD, CITES Chair Standing - - 6 ( figure 1) UNIC Italian tanners meet- draft Study subjected peer review process 17 27 September 2013. Views obtained peer review enriched Study. stakeholders opportunity - ment provide direct input final draft working document. Pythons skins trade South East Asia trade python skins takes place ten South East Asian countries covering vast area, 17,000 Python reticulatus ssp, python, Python bivittatus ssp, Shortail pythons, Py- thon curtus, . brongersmai . breitensteini) occur range reticulated python widespread Southern China South East (Python molurus . bivittatus ssp) cover extensive range Indian -- tinent South East Asia ( figures 3 4). reported python skin trade 2010 approxi- mately 500,000 skins year, estimates illegal trade equal legal trade7 approaching - Figure 2: UNIC Italian tanners meetingFigure 1: UNCTAD-CITES information session June 2013 Source: UNCTAD Source: UNCTAD 5I. Introduction toring section). Total $100 million raw (dried) skins, leather, 3 5 times leather retail, depending manufacturing multiplier . unfortunate reality challenges protect threat- ened endangered species, manage survival, requires convincing policymak- ers civil society conservation public interest deserves adequate funding levels - port research, management, enforcement, compli- ance, trade monitoring conservation education. important highlight positive impact sus- tainable natural resources local liveli- hoods, conservation vital wildlife habitats, ben- efits culture heritage communities. Economic incentives dedicated funding es- sential building blocks improve enhance sustainable natural resources ben- efits commerce (economic incentives), conservation (ecosystems) communities (local people cul- - - tions sustainable management programmes. Study considers preliminary framework improved python skin traceability sustainability resolve issues complex trade. imple- mentation phase considered, including workshops, tag testing ongoing dialogue - tween science, trade range States coopera- tion CITES, UNCTAD relevant actors. worthy achievable goals. ultimate goal python skin sustain- programme regulated trade legal, sustainable traceable. - tainable wetlands, habitats, local people cultures, developed inform policy- makers public. current body knowledge, op- tions identified implemented unilater- ally regionally range States, -exporting im- series workshops range countries : urgent improve traceability, 2. Dscuss options point tagging ways mitigate high illegal trade levels. actions needed eliminate methods determined inappropriate inhumane favour approved hu- mane method. 3. Discuss importance origin accuracy - agement pythons, setting quotas - creased credibility -detriment findings. implementation traceability systems python range States necessarily require waiting Figure 3: Global distribution pythons Figure 4: Native distribution Indian & Burmese pythons Source: . Dorcas Source: . Dorcas 6 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS 2016. range State traceability requirements implementation national legislation regula- tion considered. achieved template crocodilian skin tagging - ians adopted 7II. Marking traceability II. MARKING AND TRACEABILITY Marking systems traceability products marking systems important international trade facilitate tracking product point origin point retail bought consumer. Traceability important addressing, , food security issues. context Study, traceability important tracing verifying legal origin snake skins ensure - tainability9, legality10 traceability11 simulta- skins. definition implementation trace- ability system python skins - difficulties, including stockpiling, transportation skins catchers, slaughter houses tanneries. Traceability systems tools sustainable supply chains important defined objective(). Major stakeholders private sec- tor supply chain origin skins legal biologically sustainable. earlier traceability system established range State consen- sus clear tagging pythons oc- cur community catcher level negative impacts local people participation livelihoods. system scien- tifically robust economically feasible. , systems resist tanning ( tier) process, remain invisible final product marking retail employed ( tier). Traceability important due reasons: () elimination reduction illegal snake skins trade aim reduce negligible lev- els longer undermining confidence sustainability trade legal snake skins trade, (ii) facilitation real time scientific control exports, (iii) objective verification type snake skins, (iv) facilitation customs verification, () improvement animal welfare consumer reassurance sustainability, (vi) simplification bureaucratic pro- cess verifying identifying snake skins.12 traceability system commitment , acceptance , stakeholders. avoid ambiguity meaning implementation - der ensure effective compliance. partic- ularly important range States (unilaterally region- ally) gradually initiate tagging traceability systems 2014 2015, universal tagging resolu- tion large CITES-listed snakes considered link CITES permit process (paper - mits future electronic permits implemented exporting importing countries).13 utmost importance ensure - formation compatible comparable. define enhance information required based strategies. Study related consul- tations, stakeholders expressed preference -tier traceability system trade snake skins.14 involve mandatory tier ( dried snake skins finished leather), tier manufacturers retail shelves. marking traceability system , rest decide tier (dried skins range States finished leather final tannery bottleneck) mandatory tier (manufacturer retail) compulsory. -tier traceability system -tier traceability system trade snake skins involve : dried snake skins finished leather (tannery bot- tleneck). phase local actors/ range State authorities implement manda- tory basis include tanneries im- porting countries. tanneries retail shelves. phase private sector indus- implement -mandatory basis manufactured python products compulsory. important mark snake skins range State country origin snake - ported earliest feasible point supply crucial marking point place tier. , skins' legality validity proven TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS country importation skin easily trace- . marking system recorded verified customs, databases, . al- location type tags range States requires record tags issued subsequent verification tag numbers exported, inventory, lost, stolen damaged. establishes original range State database foundation traceability supply chain. range State database detailing received tags foundation - ported list tags (manifest CITES permit shipment declaration document) verified verification manual, electronic direct validation ( dedicated funds collected export) cross-checked master list tags issued year. time determined CITES Management Authority, issued tags accounted - ports, inventory, lost, stolen, damaged unused tags ( returned). verify CITES permits tag number manifests require inventory records tanners - ceiving raw (dried) crust skins. core group tanners guarantee tagged skins - verted leather accurate account-based inven- tory systems place (.., stockcard system legal trade framework verified range States, importing countries tannery databases originate initial tag issuance record. verifying legal trade. main reason stakeholders consulted purposes Study considered tier mandatory, optional. legality validity snake skins proven point import foreign tannery level, marking skins tanning process ( country country origin) benefit information final consumers / actors involved higher levels chain, determine legality validity skin, determined earlier chain. snake skin imported validated CITES authority, illegal import detected point, impossible detect point. , export point tanning process, marking system serve purpose de- termining legality validity snake skins. tier marking manufactured prod- ucts optional compulsory, - decide : - lost tags tanning process. Figure 5: Local manufacturers Figure 6: Locally manufactured bag 9II. Marking traceability preference -tier system based emergence local manufacturing operations ( Indonesia, Malaysia Viet Nam) products domestic regional markets ( figures 5 6). Indonesia, instance, established har- vest quota 90% export 10% domestic purposes.15 actors stages chain limited resources. advisable employ lowest cost tagging system tier traceability system, ac- count mandatory nature. tier proposed mandatory tagging requires tannery bottleneck ensure legal python skins tanned leather. approx- imately 50 tanners worldwide involved tanning python skins,16 Study confirmed - ners Indonesia, Malaysia Viet Nam account 75% python leather tanning. - achievable (limited number tanners capable convert dried skins high quality leather). Inquiries China Mexico expand contact core group tanners involved - fied harvest, transport, processing tanning level, subsequent marking finished products ensure chain--custody retail, valida- tion legal trade achieved dried skins leather stage. Improvements tagging traceability systems illegal trade difficult, detectable provide framework interdiction. im- proved systems overcome issues governance enabling environment - main entrenched levels supply chain. - dited processes focus compliance notice timely action -compliance. expedited processes include notice clarify inconsistencies trade statistics reporting, CITES- sponsored missions confirm corroborate situation, reasonable ( limited) time correc- tive action , resort, trade suspensions instances false documentation origin, laun- dering wild skins captive-breeding facilities smuggling circumvent tagging traceability systems. importance rebuilding confidence CITES South East Asian region - stated. verification legal trade. balance finding ways expedite legal trade fo- cusing means detect, deter apprehend illegal trade important. Assistance information follow leads illegal trade routes perpetrators, stakeholders industry tend competitors part normal business practice. relationship confidence established time regulatory agencies respon- sible core legal trade integral part ultimately diverting illegal trade legal sources. sustain- ability resource confirmed, range local people community cultures en- hanced . Type marking options Traceability marking systems include serially- numbered loop button-style tags ( bar- DNA isotopic markers, subcutaneous microchip tracing methods. Consultations desirable features traceability system emerged num- ber perspectives. included follow- ing characteristics: systems , crocodil- 17 compatible mobile technology reg- finance implementation traceability based population trade data. 10 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS traceability system build exist- ing permit systems. systems include follow- ing: points specimens ( national/regional permit - support identification legal trade - real-time information tag numbers important importer exporter countries share data verify shipments. require development - CITES trade data decades. work develop database - explore means -develop informatics infra- structure CITES trade database pilot work European Union countries explore means expedited data sharing. efforts implemented facilitate generation real-time data foster sharing information, allowing mobile phones scan - opportunity real-time monitoring snake skins tags ensuring delivered conjunction IT infrastructure developments. Additional references DNA studies isotopic markers considered, research areas deter- origin differentiate wild specimens captive reared. practicality sophisticated methods field questioned experts eventually prove invaluable determine origin, differ- entiate captive reared wild stocks forensic analysis part enhanced oversight enforce- ment. main elements key deciding marking system tier chain include: Figure 7: Indonesia export sticker Figure 8: Button style tag, Argentina (top) Colombia (bottom) Figure 9: Bar code scanner 11II. Marking traceability - chip ( figure 16) linked range skins trade, reason -tier tagging system preferable. ) Loop Button Style Tags type tagging system suc- cessfully tracing types reptile skins, specifi- - conda skins Argentina. exact cost bar-coded button style tags de- signed specifically python skins de- termined CITES approved list tag manufacturers bar-coded bar code (Figure 10), type tag tested tanning processes. style tags mark American Alligator skins (figure 14) nylon based tag material laser-etched bar codes successfully withstood rep- tag analysts determine lowest cost alternatives discussed section). large quantities, cai- - tion cost types tags reptile skins. , US$0.57 quantities 5,000 units. Crocodilian loop tags Indonesia cost US$0.30 similar small quantities. alligator loop tag ( bar code) year costs US$0.17 tag. volume order plays important role lowering cost individual tag. addition cost tag , calculating total cost system, cost required scanner (figure 9) barcodes account. case present marking system, variety brands producing required scanners inexpen- sive (approximately US$150 unit average). number scanners required depend volume skins, number designated ports, CITES Management Authority Enforcement staffing. require scanners number units needed comparable. ) Button style: system imple- mented purposes tagging yellow anacon- das Argentina (Eunectes notaeus). particu- lar tagging system proved acceptable yellow Argentina tag large gap inter- locking sides. Tanners industry consulted purpose Study agreed smaller gap preferable purposes tracing python skins. similar tagging system deemed Caiman fuscus - type marking system py- - Figure 10: Sample bar code button tag system Figure 11: Sample button style tag QR barcodes 12 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS nificantly larger incorporate information - quired (.. range State, year, province applicable, serial number bar-code) ( examples button style tags ). diameter Colombia - ton-style tag 1.25 inches (3.2 cm). Industry experts estimated diameter 2 inches (5.1 cm) accommodate data facilitate scanning. easily incorporated smaller button-style - plicates estimated quantity skins tagged. barcode compatible range scanners reading devices including Smartphone. ini- Tag analysts recommended 2- bar- code format considered - searching tag design costs type mark- ing system python skins. advantage - ability cost compatible database systems. ii) Loop style: pictures show types loop style tags animal skins widely tag crocodilian skins trade. - poses Study thought loop style crocodilian tags work python skins, majority thought button style tag preferred. concern loop style tags potential tangling skins tanning process increased chance - ner reptile skins. important aspect type tag ( Figure 12: Tags applied Caiman fuscus Figure 13: Colombian button style tag Figure 14: Bar coded loop tag Figure 15: Loop style tag Source: http://www.trevorowenltd./poly-check.htm 13II. Marking traceability reptile skins) interlocking mechanism de- signed tamper proof prevents - tags. Tags allocated private sector participants licensed, subject inspection, responsible regular reporting required - turn unused tags issuing authority (CITES Management Authority regional designee) report lost stolen. security provisions (perma- nently interlocking) essential ensure tag skin harvested exported. ) Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag supply chains, -commercial place bar-codes facilitate electronic reading python tagging traceability systems, - sual Computing Consultancy (VCC). VCC particu- system. ) All4Retail: approximately 0.6 mm thick, data, antenna enables gathering - formation radio frequencies.19 Softag ei- ther inserted sewn skin manufac- tured resist chemical mechanical processes tested tanning process. es- - cific application retail product manufactured. ii) VCC RFID tags: chips successfully passed testing phase dimension chips approximately 3cm diameter. attached skin stapling gun tail- skin. chips tracing information skins, accessed entry screens, laptop mobile reader. global data- base compiling information developed accessed laptop mobile reader. tannery level chain onwards, procedure proprietary application method - phones NFC20 reader technology users access data tag. access data part snake skin, independently skins cut separated final manufacturing process. Figure 16: generic RFID chip Figure 17: AFR soft tag Source: 14 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS projects pending global database developed. US$1.30 US$2.50 skin. price, contrary price estimates, includes cost global database. Conclusion Study period, major tanners rep- tile skins independently - paring relative advantages disadvantages quantities thousand skins year considered control inventory purposes, bar-coded tags selected lowest cost option preferred time . - ogy prices unit declined ( technologies generally ), cost scanning equip- ment required validate tag numbers box pallet developed. Initially, bar-coded, interlocking, tamper-proof button style tag considered phase -tier traceability system. -tier system encourages continued develop- marking systems manufacturers luxury product. Supply chain snake skins point tagging Discussions stakeholders UNCTAD/ CITES meetings concluded point tag- ging hunting/capture level. primary reason python harvest - ducted local community level, organ- - ing local people large python. Money capture sale pythons important - sistence, education improving living conditions remote areas. terms typical supply chain pythons skins oil palm plantations, Indonesian collectors ( slaughterhouses) catch snakes hire 40 community catchers (local people) workers supply collectors. large pythons, catchers required. Indonesia es- timates 150,000 workers involved harvest pythons. impractical require marking system implemented level chain. dried skins processed experienced catchers. Slaughterhouses collectors spaced 3 5 kilometers service local communities week supplier (dealer broker) pick pay dried skins. supplier resell dried skins 15 tanneries licensed Indonesia logical point marking vary range State, opting processing facilities (slaughterhouses), regional collectors, dealers, farm- ers tanneries. licensed, - System Estimated cost costs involved Inclusion database estimated cost Button tag (Yellow anaconda) 0.57 Loop tag (Indonesian crocodile) 0.30 Barcoded loop tag (Louisiana alligator) 0.17 Scanner (150 aprox.) QR barcode button style tag 0.18-0.30* Scanner cost requested Partial All4Retail RFID chip Requested VCC RFID system 1.30-2.50 Requested Table 1: Cost tags (US$) Note: marking systems require computers similar electronic equipment. * Figure 18: General simplified supply chain wild snake skins 15II. Marking traceability ject inspection, responsible reporting ac- countable marking system . range States, thousands catchers (community level) supply substantially - lectors (slaughterhouses) consolidate skins suppliers (dealers) limited number tanneries (15 combined). countries, Indonesia, skins. viewpoint range States concern- ing wild harvest python quotas (Indonesia Malaysia) point tagging community catchers. Indonesia, remaining op- tions slaughterhouse, supplier, tanner combination . long licensed, required report (accountability) subject - spection validation tag numbers linked CITES export permit, slaughterhouse closest point origin skin ( exceptions live pythons transported considerable distances local slaughterhouse ). Indonesia allocates wild skin quota licensed tanners linked network trade actors. Malaysia tannery tanning py- thon skins, making slaughterhouse closest point origin harvest. Compliance inspections review harvest reports increased ensure adequate monitoring. Viet Nam, primary snake farms pro- cessing skins export, satellite farms considered tracking system, transport permits similar Indonesian model linked tag number manifests. , information discussions needed range States regional trade stakeholders recommend point tag- ging country. noted tag- ging python skins helps ensure harvest quota closely matches export domestic quotas. implemented, legal skin exported marked. Manufactur- ers, tanners future private sector investment manufacturing, - quired maintain tagged skins inventory cut pieces finished products. serves dual purpose verifying legal origin effectively helps limit quotas harvest lev- States, number tags issued effectively limits legal harvest compliance standards (report- ing, inspecting, skinning instructions, .) provide basis legal sustainable trade. Ideally, point marking oc- cur range States domestic tanning. im- portant point python skins international trade tagged, export range States verified importing CITES Management Authority tag manifests accompanying CITES permits assistance tanners tagged skins legally converted leather. -tagging important unique aspect python supply chain remove tags tanning process ( finish tanning) accommodate pressing, plating millennium finishes ( figures 22, 23 24). Interviews tanners experienced required processes snake skins site visit major python tannery Italy, confirmed required process python ( snakes) Figure 19: Grain surface alligator leather Figure 20: Grain surface reticulated python leather Source: Fuchs, 2010Source: Fuchs, 2010 16 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS press plate finished skin uplifted, trail- ing edge scales compressed. process place, scales durable finished products easily damaged wear. visual explanation difference skins reptiles ( figures 19, 20 21). Machinery tanners problems tags traceability system pass pressing plating mecha- nism process reversed (mechani- cally potential damage compression administered - process). noted process Study matter pressing plating skins, making finishing operations ( hand-crafted) produce high justification removal tag removal tags tannery, record python skins received verified Management Authority reports inspections. Italy, major tanning centre high- python leather, CITES Management Authority - quires strict adherence record keeping, inventory declaration detention record - dated weeks. rigorous system explains Italian tanners concerned additional tagging traceability options considered extensive accountability system skins - ceived, leather sold bi-monthly inventory balance - thon skins easy manage avoid adding bureaucracy existing system. manufacturing final products python skin important Italy European - small quantities compared total trade. Figure 21: Grain surface Molurus leather Figure 22: Plating process Italian tannery Figure 23: Millennium finish machinery Figure 24: Python & alligator skins Millennium processing Source: Fuchs, 2010 17II. Marking traceability , consensus - tagging, tanners preferring -tag small quantities tolerable maintain consistency CITES precedents requirements range States -exporting - quires discussion industry achieve workable solutions. traceability issues ) Stockpile inventories - ing Study agreed necessity inventory mark python skin stocks South East Asia order achieve transparent base marking traceability system. Inventories conducted Management Authority maintain confidential account-based system compromise business interests pri- vate sector stakeholders. inventoried python skins marked des- push inventories quickly market, poten- tially undermining current values. inventoried skins exported subtract annual range verified export manifests original account-based system licensed exporter. Figure 25: Traditional Chinese musical instruments: Burmese python preferred Figure 26: Asian musical instrument Figure 27: Viet Nam python stockpiles Figure 28: Indonesia stockpiles TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS industry players long dried skin remain inventory (estimates vary years ten), issuance CITES skins generally moot point pythons listed CITES 1975 ( date country origin joined Convention considered). exception primarily Python bivittatus ssp) skins manu- factured traditional Chinese musical instruments skins treated stretched musical instruments (figures 25 26), requested details process, longevity possibility inventories, important point follow . combat illegal trade skins. combined funding capacity building management practices, enforcement, compli- ance trade monitoring constitute sig- hubs interested process inventory stockpiles conditions, referenced earlier (.. CITES Management Authorities verify maintain confidential records identification individual companies, includ- recorded). ii) Head skinning pattern exceptions, boas pythons exploited trade skinned discarding skin head, left attached snake carcass. true anacondas pythons general exhibit large scales dorsum head complicating ren- dering futile skinning . hand, hides follow pattern. period, unknown reasons, skin jaw skull carefully separated part hides (figure 29). - established obligation, alternate years, skinning snakes including head. Traditionally, hunters discarded skin head skinning process, adopted innovative procedure shapes skins obtained (figure 30). rule aimed preventing illegally stockpiled skins previous seasons, sources, pythons skinned head, procedure prove apply inno- stockpiled , differentiate harvest seasons, countries alternate production systems (.. farmed wild harvest- ed skins) (figure 31). faked cutting shape skin, - , easily detected minimum Figure 29: Front portion Boa constrictor occidentalis finished skin, showing head jaw meticously skinned Figure 30: Front portion Eunectes notaeus raw skin exhibiting shape resulting YAMP ruling skinning anaconda’ head 19II. Marking traceability skills. case, provisions ensure skin head properly stretched drying facilitate recognition. - ample, single nail tip portion head jaw skin drying inevitably produce odd shape complicating differentiation faked cuts. Input received UNIC (Italian tanners) representa- recommended python skins tagged head tail sections anal vent. recommendation facilitate skinning instructions differentiate calen- dar year python skin production stockpiles potentially assist field ID skins trade. iii) Asymmetrical skinning pattern Traditionally, anacondas boas South America skinned longitudinally neck tail tip middle abdominal cut, dividing wider ventral scales . operation, snake laid floor tied head tree branch skinned hunter field. nail-stretched floor, tree, wooden board air-drying, resulting skin exhibited perfect symmetrical shape . order control harvest season avoid season stockpiling skins, asymmetrical skin- ning pattern - el cloaca. procedure aimed - fast differentiation, train hunters ensuring cloacal spurs (rear limb remnants) attached skin, establishment skinning pattern implies operator approaches cloaca region cut devi- ate 4-5 cm sides snake, order leave entire cloaca region adjacent spurs ventral scales side skin, asymmetrical characteristic pattern (figure 32). pattern easy fake cut Figure 31: Front portion Boa skins exhibiting difference : () standard cut (beheaded snake) () skinned head pattern Figure 32: Tail region yellow anaconda skins: () traditional mid ventral cut exhibiting symmetrical shape mid ventral scales divided side skin, () skinning pattern cloaca region including adjacent spurs (limb remnants), cloaca opening, entire ventral scales, left untouched side skin Figure 33: Skin mid-tail region simulated asymmetrical skinning pattern 20 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS shape hide simultaneously sides, limb remnants (spurs femur) hard imitate. procedure depicted easily applied pythons stand method combined head skinning, eventually alternating dif- ferent combinations. , doses ingenuity asymmetrical skinning patterns easily adapted types, - monly pythons, applied valued parts skins, mid-tail ( figure 33). problem illegal stockpiling snake skins - skinning snake differently alternate years standard cut (beheaded snake) skinned head pattern, helps differentiate - asymmetrical skinning pattern - entiation harvest year. Similar procedures envisaged python range States South East Asia procedure, combina- tion .21 21III. Complementing CITES permitting systems III. COMPLEMENTING CITES PERMITTING SYSTEMS CITES developed permit system 1973 based intergovernmental certification - ternational trade backed Management, Scientific, international trade number conditions met - important trade legal traceable detrimental species survival wild. CITES limited, focused, en- front line responsibilities compliance. range States visited purpose Study (Viet Nam, Malaysia Indonesia), Sin- gapore ( primary -exporter South East Asia) extensive documentation legislation, reg- ulations decrees governing trade python skins. recurrence CITES permits certificates specimens incorrect origin, type production (.., captive bred wild) contravention anoth- crust leather exports), compromises credibility CITES system sustainable trade. stake- origin, correct source codes (captive bred wild) compliance national laws quotas es- sential tagging traceability system work. marking system correct problem. - ties industry place python skins traceability sustainability pythons wild high priority increased penalties -compliance. Viet Nam copies Decrees Ministerial - al Manual Inspections Closed-Cycle Captive Malaysia information regulatory frameworks python management harvest pro- grams summary -detriment findings received. Malaysian processing facilities (slaughter- houses) required maintain logbook py- thons received including body mass, total length historical data, incomplete, assist comprehensive NDF. - management wildlife, including pythons. updat- ed submission (, 2013) information pertaining current -detriment finding . Indonesia, , detailed regulations - quiring licensing, reporting, transport documentation serially numbered export stickers validate py- thon skins export. range countries enhanced regulatory require- ments options improve traceability systems. : - quired intra-country movement skins manifest tag numbers docu- - shipment receipt. electronic copy internal transactions part permit clear- inghouse reviews Management Authority, deemed . species credibility sustainable programs, loss potential revenue range countries - siderable. lost funding needed support research, management, enforcement, - pliance, trade monitoring conservation education benefit communities. - legal trade activities undermines opportunity trends. , core responsibilities CITES ensure legal trade detrimental survival Indonesia, part current -detriment finding, good template - prehensive assessments evaluations range countries. Singapore, primary regional -exporter py- thon skins, extensive background CITES regulatory requirements administered Agri-food Veterinary Authority Singapore (AVA). importance stockcard system 22 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS maintains account-based reporting imports exports provide excellent basis stockpile inventory initiate marking python skins trade. increase penalties vio- significant deterrent illegal wildlife trade. stockcard updated daily import -export permits issued day. system manual Singapore updating process - card system range States tag issuance verification system place. Shipment declarations system shipment declarations export, -export import python skins South East Asia provide advance notice port inspectors wildlife enforcement authorities actual shipments. important, advance notice filing Shipment Declaration enforcement notice inspect selected spot Annex 5 validated CITES - - ticularly part electronic reporting requirements) precise export import quanti- ties preferable current systems report trade basis permits issued. Trade monitoring 22 order cover 17 year period avail- historical data, report covers period 1995 2011.23 analysis amount cross-checking24 - sis python trade 2011. increases trade volumes 2010 2011 sig- significant increase export partly due increases permits issued, market-driven - sponse, inventory reactions related uncertainty future supplies due regulatory focus CITES range States combination fac- skins stable. dramatic trade increase 2011 . bivittatus) , year, doubled trade figures, total . - ticulatus) increased 410,515 501,941 23% period. 2010 2011, Short-Tail python species25 increased 12,000 skins approximately. 2011, significant increase fglobal trade skins flarge CITES-listed snakes, 35%.26 breakdowns Python curtus group pre- sented figures 34, 35, 36 signifi- increased noted . breitensteini Malaysia (4,010 2010 11,000 2011), . brongersmai 25,000 exports 2009 10,000 2010. export numbers . curtus declined dramatically nomenclature 2004, - sequent 6 years. . bivittatus) due sudden - dramatic increase 100,000 Viet Nam (192,964 skins) significant percentage increase Thailand 6,373 skins. - . bivittatus breeding rearing operations licensed (including satellite farms), subject regular inspec- tion accountability export volumes. pre- 2012) export data Viet Nam requires clarification. - . reticulatus 5,000 skins 2009 20,000 skins 2010 derived import data, uncertainty - analysis historical python trade data undertaken. 23III. Complementing CITES permitting systems 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 tr ic 38 2 10 40 te ta 33 4 68 ,7 26 13 ,0 00 19 ,3 01 6, 14 4 5, 35 9 1, 78 3 2, 96 5 5, 95 4 5, 46 9 5, 39 0 4, 19 6 8, 00 0 1, 83 6 3, 98 3 9, 82 8 21 1 rt * 57 ,8 31 63 ,6 29 15 4, 70 4 11 5, 78 5 10 6, 86 5 20 0, 20 8 16 1, 42 8 10 0, 68 4 93 ,6 85 12 2, 98 6 13 0, 58 7 13 1, 01 4 85 ,5 97 54 ,6 64 77 ,6 28 61 ,3 91 73 ,9 31 lu ru iv ta tu 40 ,9 20 25 ,6 20 47 ,1 87 31 ,4 32 97 ,0 99 12 0, 91 3 80 ,7 78 61 ,3 53 82 ,1 28 87 ,9 82 11 9, 07 8 15 6, 91 9 10 7, 01 2 10 8, 17 6 68 ,4 51 98 ,1 43 22 8, 83 7 ti - la tu 24 2, 22 5 35 8, 42 4 47 6, 63 7 29 7, 02 7 37 3, 41 6 46 6, 82 9 37 2, 32 2 35 7, 36 5 27 0, 76 3 30 7, 81 0 34 7, 60 9 39 4, 93 4 36 7, 13 4 41 6, 69 0 37 9, 58 0 41 0, 51 5 50 1, 94 1 10 ,2 89 17 ,3 56 17 ,8 51 23 ,9 10 10 ,2 11 22 ,3 69 13 ,5 86 11 ,7 49 1, 80 9 3, 08 6 7, 84 6 9, 95 7 5, 81 4 2, 09 1 2, 00 7 94 8 ta 3 5 1 ,6 3 7 5 3 3 ,7 5 7 7 0 9 ,3 7 9 4 8 7 ,4 6 5 5 9 3 ,7 3 5 8 1 5 ,6 7 8 6 2 9 ,8 9 7 6 3 4 ,1 5 6 4 5 4 ,3 3 9 5 2 7 ,3 3 3 6 1 0 ,5 1 0 6 9 7 ,0 2 0 5 7 3 ,5 5 7 5 8 3 ,4 5 7 5 3 1 ,6 4 9 5 8 0 ,8 2 5 8 0 4 ,9 2 0 Ta le 2 : rt lo tr la rg IT - te 1 9 9 5 -2 0 1 1 te : * lu . te . ro rs tr 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 ia 2, 00 0 20 ,0 00 * 10 ,0 00 * ia 32 0 20 0* 2, 67 1 . . . 19 6 36 3 29 ,5 00 * la ia 10 ,5 00 1 80 0 94 il 8, 04 2 15 ,6 05 * 80 3 33 0 11 0 1, 60 0 6, 37 3* 22 ,3 78 * 25 ,4 24 * 30 ,8 98 * 30 ,6 32 * 97 ,0 99 11 8, 71 3 60 ,7 78 58 ,6 82 72 ,0 34 87 ,9 82 11 9, 07 8 15 6, 11 6 10 6, 68 2 10 8, 06 6 68 ,4 51 96 ,5 43 19 2, 96 4 ta 4 0 ,9 2 0 2 5 ,6 2 0 4 7 ,1 8 7 3 1 ,4 3 2 9 7 ,0 9 9 1 2 0 ,9 1 3 8 0 ,7 7 8 6 1 ,3 5 3 8 2 ,1 2 8 8 7 ,9 8 2 1 1 9 ,0 7 8 1 5 6 ,9 1 9 1 0 7 ,0 1 2 1 0 8 ,1 7 6 6 8 ,5 4 1 9 8 ,1 4 3 2 2 8 ,8 3 7 Ta le 3 : rt ra yt ho bi vi tta tu , 1 9 9 5 -2 0 1 1 te : * ig ri ro rt ta 24 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS trade simply basis permits issued traders request skins exporter . , CITES Secretariat Standing Committee, annual reports due October.27 considered Animals Standing Committees. annual trade Study crocodilians world trade funding IACTS derived private sector, collection, review analysis independently conducted. important point increased transparency, diversion trade legal sources long term engagement industry sustainable sourcing strategies reptiles trade. Sustainable sourcing strategies complement improvements tagging, trace- upstream supply chain high- tanners, manufacturers luxury brands develop pro-active sustainable sourcing agenda seeks reduce losses biodiversity, mitigate reputational risks focus economic incen- tives benefit conservation communities. good starting point facilitate imple- mentation phase, outlined Study expedi- tiously test implementation tagging improve traceability systems expedite implementa- tion animal welfare standards humane killing guidelines. ways advance pri- orities increase efforts funding assist high level meetings industry, UNC- - versity, create database reviews reptile species rate communicate status species Figure 34: Reported global trade skins Python curtus complex 2004-2011 Figure 35: Reported trade Python breitensteini skins, 2004-2011 Figure 36: Reported trade Python brongersmai skins, 2004-2011 Timeliness annual reports submission ac- curacy data , paramount complet- ing realistic estimates global trade skins large snakes. , deadline annual report submission 31st October year trade occurred, member States European Union asked report earlier, data analysis ear- 25III. Complementing CITES permitting systems tr 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 ia 13 6, 24 1 16 8, 50 9 18 8, 19 7 13 4, 09 0 15 5, 47 8 15 6, 15 7 15 5, 33 0 16 1, 73 8 15 3, 06 2 15 1, 47 9 15 2, 18 0 15 1, 42 5 15 4, 70 3 15 4, 65 5 15 4, 95 5 15 2, 99 7 15 1, 72 0 . . . 1, 02 0* 29 4* 59 * 35 1* 10 0* 2* 5, 00 0* 20 ,0 00 * 88 ,0 00 * la ia 79 ,3 65 15 7, 11 5 23 5, 24 6 13 7, 03 8 17 0, 01 6 28 1, 97 2 18 9, 69 1 17 0, 12 7 72 ,8 42 12 1, 27 0 14 7, 47 2 16 6, 50 8 11 3, 72 1 16 8, 78 7 12 0, 76 1 10 5, 87 4 12 8, 63 9 il 4, 38 7 2, 19 7 10 ,1 66 * 1, 81 9 75 6 10 1, 17 6 1, 00 0 22 ,2 32 * 29 ,5 83 * 42 ,7 34 * 25 ,8 40 * 47 ,5 71 28 ,6 00 27 ,2 99 25 ,5 00 44 ,8 59 35 ,0 61 47 ,9 57 75 ,1 82 97 ,9 54 93 ,2 48 98 ,8 54 11 1, 95 8 12 4, 58 2 ta 2 4 2 ,2 2 5 3 5 8 ,4 2 4 4 7 6 ,6 3 7 2 9 7 ,0 2 7 3 7 3 ,4 1 6 4 6 6 ,8 2 9 3 7 2 ,3 2 2 3 5 7 ,3 6 5 2 7 0 ,7 6 3 3 0 7 ,8 1 0 3 4 7 ,6 0 9 3 9 4 ,9 3 4 3 6 7 ,1 3 4 4 1 6 ,6 9 0 3 7 9 ,5 8 0 3 9 2 ,0 0 5 4 9 3 ,9 4 1 Ta le 4 : rt ra yt ho tic ul , 1 9 9 5 -2 0 1 1 te : * ig ri ro rt ta effective engagement private sector tackle loss biodiversity build awareness - 29 Chain Custody Standards Due Dil- - ance improved sustainable sourcing frameworks. - ticularly identify verify conflict-free minerals, guidance conceptual specific. 27IV. Improve conservation sustainable frameworks IV. IMPROVE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE FRAMEWORKS Determining sustainable level python harvests gender) certainty origin develop circumstantial case cur- rent python harvest levels (excepting cases risks isolated island populations subspecies) prob- ably sustainable based decades har- 3 meters length. difference sustainable python populations maximum sus- - sive management scientific basis, - quire longer term harvest trend data supported density, harvest effort analysis ecological parameters diversity habitats occupied pythons South East Asia. cost easily implemented assessments considered, mapping ranking python habitats. tier marking manufactured products optional issue. important denote pro-. important denote pro- tected areas serve reproductive reservoirs, determine quota allocations har- vest limitations. 7, range State summary information EU member States accordance CITES implementation regulations. -detriment findings - prove frameworks -detriment findings future. present, template Indonesia30 good starting point outline range States region . addition, assessment areas add comprehensive analysis regional python popula- tions, harvest sustainability: production areas oil palm, rubber, coconut - voirs, close proximity inten- - main significant part opportunistic harvest) increased nets snares harvest 31 4. review concerns large speci- . reticulatus) originate protected areas dili- gent timely release specimens 2.5 meters areas originally collected fea- 5. research estimated densities python populations habitat type - 6. stakeholders, incom- plete indicators potential sustainability. live weight skin length ratio python species researched convert stan- reporting systems. issues stretching , cases, -stretching skins data trend analysis adaptive management - stages processing, account assist monitoring. Annual quotas setting annual quotas sensi- tive complex issue addressed Study. quota voluntary obliga- tion Appendix II species result difference management species countries. stakeholder input suggested quotas mandatory. quota Viet Nam similar required captive bred cai- mans Colombia considered. essential monitor populations en- sustainability species , risk identified, measures quickly implemented. effective quotas TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS considered. experts national quotas removed incentives report total anecdotal analysis suggests harvests levels (le- gal illegal) sustainable. point view quotas precautionary restrictions ensure harvests exceed issue. points view complete removal quotas happen, -evaluation num- bers justified. regional trade perspective discussion quotas result reductions, inadvertently - creases illegal trade. Quota proposal discussions August range States gather stakeholder sci- entific input recommendations December latest, establish harvest - port levels year. phase python initiatives open quota discussions range States collectively achieve workable system delivers intended results - sus- tainability confirmation adequate scientific data base adaptive management options. essential ensure involvement local communities livelihoods involved - ing quotas actors, establish prices - supply chain address issues include gender issues. mentioned point, sig- nificant disincentive range States accurately - . reticulatus), industry. demand raw (dried skins), high- tanners pro- vide higher quality finishes exclusive manufactur- ers, exceeds supply. -added strategies Indonesia crust tanning 15 approved regional tanners consistently provide crust leather meet high- quality demand. Al- European tanners acknowledged quality Indonesian crust generally acceptable, required additional special processes Eu- ropean tanners incorporated origi- nal crust tanning process. consultations range States, industry - cerned administration quotas certainty sustainability required. recom- mended regional workshops early 2014 pro- vide opportunity. conservative incremental increases quo- tas ( Indonesia) considered linked improved traceability, enhanced legal trade dedicated funding improve python research, management, enforcement, compliance, trade moni- toring conservation education. industry side, technical expertise improve - sistency crust leather regional tanneries part progressive strategy support balance Figure 37: Stretched skins drying Figure 38: Crust skins 29IV. Improve conservation sustainable frameworks dried skin (figure 37) crust leather - ports. goal remove illegal incentive dried skins balancing respect- ing range State initiatives -added incentives benefit conservation enhance livelihoods communities. IUCN/SSC Boa & Python Specialist Group addition follow- stakeholder meetings - plement CITES, UNCTAD range States initiatives, important forum discussions dialogue, discussions balanced collaboration scientists, range States industry en- protection, develop strategies sustain- economic incentives benefit conser- vation communities. initiative working meeting ( Argentina provide suitable venue) strategic plan hold similar conferences global venues, par- ticularly South East Asia. Assistance dedicated funding key establishing sustaining pro-active efforts protect , justified, sustainably manage snakes reptiles future. 31V. Enhance compliance enforcement . ENHANCE COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT Marking improved traceability systems important ways enhance compliance enforcement. Suggested improvements shipment declarations marking manifests transport skins range State, point - port effectively limit smuggling illegal illegal shipments larger prob- lem. - ine al. 2012, 50%) efforts needed combat , including enhanced monitoring en-monitoring en- en- forcement, collaboration industry actors. , major tanneries collaborate ensure untagged skins converted leath- er range State tagging requirements substan- tially supported additionally verified importing countries. , cooperation participation traders feedback overcome illegal trade essential. Options address illegal trade - clude stronger enforcement measures adop- tion legal trade strong system marking. marking python skins trade establishes foundation distinguish legal illegal skin points supply chain. - ment verification inspection duties wildlife enforcement personnel widely importing countries concentrate compliance resources. importing ports. Singapore, primary -- - general, concentrated inspections - ed, based enforcement intelligence - ment strategies collect information il- legal trade variety sources (public sector, private sector, uniformed undercover personnel) needed. information shared - changed - clearinghouse approach complement enhanced range State enforcement efforts. system tailor- assist focused regional python compliance effort. CITES Secre- tariat Enforcement Unit coordinate enforce- enforcement officers expertise complex investigations support local officers initially find illegal trail, lack time, resources - pertise follow- extended investigations account. , Dedicated Funding compliance techniques , - -service training, tools (ID manuals forensic techniques, ) - port judicial system (prosecutors, judges ) understand international im- plications -compliance loss range Figure 39: Burmese python clutch Figure 40: Retained egg shells Viet Nam snake farm 32 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS State revenue broader benefits livelihoods local people. , licensing regular inspections implementing improved traceability systems cru- chain marking snake skin place, recommendations specific requirements reporting verification . Indonesia Malaysia, process- ing facilities (slaughterhouses), collectors (dealers brokers) tanneries subject requirements ( largely ). Viet Nam, satellite farms registered inspected, supply. instance, collection empty egg shells (figures 39 40) place 2013 confirm stocking levels step direction. , intensive review python skin exports undertaken. specific recommendations issues. scale clipping systems (morpho- metric diagnostics) differen- tiate captive-reared reptiles wild stocks. effects laundering wild populations lim- 32 year grow- - age 2 meters), approximately meter year growth subsequent years,33 year class . nominal percentage register reduced . assessment captive-breeding farms related subjects ably addressed members - . reticulatus (. bivittatus) pythons 2010 2011 raises fur- ther questions source skins, reliability origins, level captive breeding, laundering concerns false declarations CITES permits. issues promptly addressed concert marking improved traceability options (including stockpile - ventories). , marking improved traceability options - fully effective efficient involved mis-declarations origin laundering wild skins captive breeding smuggling operations interdicted isolated core legal trade. 33VI. Enhance capacity building VI. ENHANCE CAPACITY BUILDING ways improve capacity building research management international - searchers include local biologists scientists development studies population, densi- ties ecological dynamics python populations. Indonesia Malaysia, administra- tive field representatives Management Au- thority Scientific Authorities expressed spe- cific interest Study focus continuing education pythons reptiles. combina- tion dedicated funding matching industry fund- ing provide reasonable grants - derwrite local participation international community range States. encourages strategies ensure subsequent generations benefit renewable natural - sources. effective conservation community-based. Suggestions enforcement compliance ca- trade monitoring improvements previously sum- enhance capacity building, start de- - tices, covers wide range improvements research, management, enforcement, compliance, - ties CITES consulted Study improve, sustain provide real benefits conservation communities. 35VII. Encourage stakeholder engagement VII. ENCOURAGE STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT CITES Standing Committee established snake 15th meeting Conference decisions relating snakes. Standing - calls Animals Standing Committees development implementation traceability marking system snake skins. Standing - mittee decided renew working group snakes - - Standing Committee examine rec- ommendations traceability issues basis scientific work analysis conducted Animals serve regular forum, support UNCTAD CITES Secretariats coordination oth- discussions balanced collaboration sci- entists, range States industry integral part developing protection, management, sustain- strategies conservation education large CITES Appendix II-listed snakes. UNCTAD/CITES Study endeavoured - structively engage stakeholders issues facing python reptile trades. Study intended beginning, , focused - effort. Specific suggestions improved stakeholder engagement include: 1. UNCTAD,CITES industry sponsored regional workshops continue dialogue discus- sions ways enhance traceability, sustain- ability animal welfare concerns python 2. Continuation Annual Trade Monitoring Study large CITES-listed Snakes Trade, - - - tists, range States, regulators trade interests complement work UNCTAD, CITES - ing dialogue, discussion collaboration - 4. constructive industry forum exchange ideas supply chain needed. include actors range States, region- trade group representatives UNIC (Unione - China, Mexico python importing - - ciation ) trade associations 6. Continued research engagement experts animal welfare field, Expert international standard subject. Industry stakeholder initiatives - holders explore ways overcoming - cerns linked sustainability, illegal trade animal welfare. - - partnership develop program research ( - tribute data recommendations improve trade main themes: welfare ( input experts trade local livelihoods. 36 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS CITES process making data research find- ings stakeholders improve manage- ment trade. Information gathered projects assist industry interested stakeholders, im- - ties CITES snake trade 16th 2013 important contribution ensuring sustainable, legal traceable international trade python skins. 37VIII. Dedicated funding VIII. DEDICATED FUNDING Dedicated funding key element enable sustain future initiatives traceability sustainability issues related python python skins. scope complexity pri- orities needed enhance marking, traceability, sustainability, conservation education humane treatment pythons trade, downstream industries contributing dedicated funding levels equal collected range State level assessment skin proportional par- ticipation related benefit received stakeholder. structure, oversight administra- - tainable sourcing initiative intended provide support CITES government government certification process. Follow- discussions options private sector governments support phases python initiatives, enhance traceability, sus- tainability options presented Study. noted, original efforts - list sustainably manage crocodilian programs funded meet -detriment find- crocodilian programs maintained dedi- cated funding sources time ensure monitoring programs, research, management, enforcement inputs monitoring priorities enabled US$4 skin assessment export fund programs. involvement local community essential ensure sustainable species, part culture important source local revenue. long term dedicated funding - committed monitoring populations, management - veloped ranching standard management option crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus . - vaeguineae) CITES force 1975. species listed Appendix II, ranch- 35 annually fi- nance crocodilian monitoring activities priorities education, infrastructure healthcare stretch resources. - ronmental concerns difficult time world- wide competing sovereign interests essential funding. extraction natural resource values adequately underwritten en- control, management sustainability. - located 2% general revenue duty 3% monitoring. competition remains scarce investment sustainable natural - - ability. form revenue based skin exports, pro- ceeds general revenue funds, national province level, subject annual legislative budget appropriation priorities. understandable perspective local - ited resource provincial national function, , resources derived community considered shared national provincial resource. - ing increases reallocation income python trade. consideration achievable earmarked funds annual inputs monitoring activities. Viet Nam 5% export - sessment python skins Study, repealed October 4, 2013 Ministry Finance Circular 116/2013. licensing, inspecting reporting Vietnam- ese supply chain (including satellite farms), worth reconsidering repeal favour similar split import duties (general revenue) monitoring activities (earmarked annual inputs pre- viously listed). similar approach Indonesia, Malay- sia python range States establish fund regional network improved trace- ability sustainability South East Asia. .notaeus) Argentina similar model dedicated funding. TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS - technical/scientific programme. benefits distributed mentioned actors. gov- ernmental sector receives 4.2% benefits, - cal buyers hunters 13.3%. Externality compensa- tion community devolution private sector accounts approximately interna- tional skin. - funding proportional basis downstream supply side chain manufacturers, luxury brands retail. funds allocated (research, management enforcement grants) improve traceability sustainability py- thons eventually reptiles trade. matching funds industry encourage range State priorities python research, manage- ment, enforcement, compliance, trade monitoring conservation education. Program actor US$ % Provincial export taxes 2.1 4.2 Program running costs (NGO) 7.4 14.8 Hunters local buyers 6.7 13.3 Stockpiling logistic expenses 3.1 6.2 Total expenses skin 19.3 38.5 Exporters income 30.8 61.5 Table 7: Anaconda Program benefits partitioning US$ 50 skin price basis Source: 2013. 39IX. Equitable cost benefit sharing IX. EQUITABLE COST AND BENEFIT SHARING important benefit python stakeholders adoption suitable dedicated funding levels range State private sector matching fund previously mentioned Study. addition, bal- ance dried skin availability -added crust tanning ( 10% ) evaluated. direct incentive legal trade pre- mium South East Asian suppliers abided supply chain code conduct ( administered regional trade associations) ensure transparency, compliance, accurate reporting - operation CITES Management Authority deter illegal trade favor legal skins. Im- porting stakeholders complement range State efforts increased diligence confirm origins deter false declarations. Figure 42: Python meat processing operation Figure 43: Dried python meat Figure 44: Drying kiln python meat Figure 45: Weighing packing python meat export 40 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS distribution values supply chain typi- cally favors consolidate resource (vol- ume) increases negotiating leverage fair mar- ket . instance, trade reptile skins crocodilians, accomplished large production farms, associations smaller producers cooperative sales farm, wild produc- tions. Developing long term relationships upstream stakeholders ultimately guarantee reasonable fair market prices supply chains. -added benefits local regional manu- facturing operations South East Asia previous- ly noted Study. strategy adds resource enhances livelihoods participants involved tanning, manufacturing retail segments chain. creation skilled labour jobs commensurate wage increases important socio-economic factors South East Asia. instance, important link reptile skin leather values range States importing countries rec- benefit sharing. market python gallbladders traditional medicine noted region - mestic export. production dried meat (figures 42, 43, 44 45) export ad- vanced Malaysia significant local python slaughterhouses reported receiving US$0.20/ kg carcass meat, drying packing facil- ity visited declined offer export values confirm 3m carcass yield 50% meat thinly slice smoke (drying charcoal fire kilns) dried gall bladders bring US$400 US$450/kg. Viet Nam snake farms reported US$20 US$30 additional revenue ( carcass) produced values meat gall- bladders. significant additional , - ing current crust tanning adds 10% raw skin . applicability Study trade reptiles direct applied large snakes African rock python (. sebae. - strictors (Boa constrictors spp) Anacondas (Eunectes spp.). smaller, valuable reptiles ) cost/benefit direct marking question- monitoring collecting data reptile skins (Adaptive Management Options), annual trade moni- toring volumes, origins, exporters importers, refinement sustainable sourcing guidelines (- cluding species reviews) traffic light system denote relative risk trade species) offers significant opportunities sustainably manage trade issues reptiles.36 41X. Animal welfare humane killing guidelines . ANIMAL WELFARE AND HUMANE KILLING GUIDELINES 37 basis improving harvest methods py- thon trade. Specifically, decapitation (- pithing) suffocation replaced - larly administered improved system illus- complete destruction brain achievable, field, administer blow python brain centered eyes, located head. important topic include priority regional work- shops suggested Study. Viet Nam CITES Management Authority conduct- ed meeting slaughterhouses September 13, 2013 encouraged brain destruction ( blow, captive bolt electrical stunning device), time reach consensus change current method. - eration international standard humane killing reptiles. 43XI. Conclusions XI. CONCLUSIONS challenges facing trade python skins watershed moment international community understand people conserve care benefit , part community culture gen- erational heritage. leaders, policymakers, industry stakeholders eventually - stand, increasingly , capital natural resources ecosystems continually extracted -investing part protection management renewable natural resources. future mas- sive loss biodiversity, habitats species depend survive neglected recognition natural values communities civil society. side conservation conundrum - - - preciation sake usefulness valid viewpoint. sustainable viewpoint economic incentives leveraged benefit conservation (ecosystems) communi- ties (local people cultures). unfortunate truth arising decades experiences wildlife field - balance commerce, conservation communities. account, pythons large snakes share opportunity understanding economic incentives commerce, conservation (ecosystems) communities (local people cultures). interesting Indone- forested land buffer surrounding land secondary forests. analysis remaining natural lands Europe- Union United States, interesting conservation habitats devel- oped countries compares developing countries facing challenges population growth, rapid economic development, infrastructure, education health care . python skin trade solve problems illustrate balance reinvestment stewards wildlife habi- tats survive. key maintaining python habitats ensure trade legal, sustainable verifiable (traceable indepen- dently monitored) benefits commerce (eco- nomic incentives), conservation (ecosystems) communities (local people cultures). important task python range States ac- tors supply chain implement marking traceability options , including offered Study. Figure 46: Secondary forest oil palm plantation Indonesia 45 XII. KEY FINDINGS AND NEXT STEPS Marking traceability system -tier system emerging consensus South East Asian range States python spp., representa- tives private sector contacted Study, discussions held Study, mark python skins stakeholders, consensus emerged establishment -tier marking system marking phase dried skins finished leather, intended national international market (.. range States exporting countries countries skins importing countries tanneries manu- facturers skins leather prod- ucts retailed. marking system phase involve tanned leather resulting leather products. marking technology applied tag skins phase, marking tools phase , compatible merge seam- skin--leather goods traceability system. regulatory perspective, tier manda- tory countries involved, tier optional compulsory, depending preference -tier marking system based development local manufacturing op- erations South East Asia -added strategy resulting increased wages appren- tices craftsmen. views workable techniques solutions mark leather manufactured prod- ucts phase stakeholders consulted. Italian tannery representatives, , concerned additional ad- ministrative practical burdens traceability requirements. Marking systems phases initiatives undertaken enhance traceability python skins derivatives international trade. examined purpose Study : 2. VCC information , barcode - ton style tag preferable. suggested barcode button style tag , consideration range States, Singapore CITES Animals Commit- tee Standing Committee serially numbered tag readily , similar crocodilian skin tag Colombia. tags reptile skins, crocodilian skins, serially numbered barcoded ( 1 million 1.3 million crocodilian skins year marked serially numbered tags). python skin stockpiles South East Asia inventoried 2014. export sticker similar Indonesia formatted sticker barcode similar applied Caiman fuscus. combination serially numbered button style tag barcoded export sticker provide reasonable bridge expedite stockpile inventories maintain secure traceability system. Supply chain points marking supply chain, tier marking apply supplier domestic tannery country origin tannery importing country. tier tagging overseen CITES Man- agement Authorities. tier marking applied level importing country tanneries retail - . technology applied tanned skins finished products , im- plemented voluntarily requirement private traceability issues Stockpile inventories Considerable stockpiles python skins held South East Asian countries. traceabil- ity system work correctly, important - ventory mark skins. 46 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS representatives private sector Asia consulted Study agreed stockpiles python skins South East Asia inventoried. inventories conducted relevant national CITES Management Authorities results confidential maintained account based system stockpiles. Skinning instructions Skinning instructions deter stockpiling successfully Argentina model manage- - quires tagging, licensing, reporting enhanced ac- countability. stockpile inventories completed python skins marked 2014, skinning instructions required part management compliance program. Complementing CITES permitting systems Improved traceability diversion trade legal sources essential support underscore credibility CITES permitting system. general, CITES export permits issued Man- agement Authority closest origin python skins. regular protocol facility inspections, reviews inventory reports compliance requirements part management practices. issues options setting national quotas carefully reviewed ways effectively monitor harvest (origins), collect scientific - tives legal trade enhanced values local communities (livelihoods). Improve conservation sustainable frameworks -Detriment Findings international trade specimens python spp. place compliance CITES provisions, detrimental wild populations species - tional trade traceable enforceable (- spections stockpile inventories) system permits certificates, reporting. issuance CITES permits certificates serves certification scheme assuring trade detrimental survival species included Appendices. ascertain sustainable levels - export, implementation Adaptive Management Strategies (AMS), enhanced part improved traceability system. Enhance compliance enforcement - goal trade python skins legal, sus- tainable verifiable (traceable independently monitored) benefits commerce (economic - centives), conservation (ecosystems) communi- ties (local people cultures). Compliance improved transport documents ( tag number manifests), shipping declarations, electronic reporting, designated port inspections, enhanced enforcement techniques, development inspections investigations units conduct task force priorities interdict mitigate illegal trade. Outreach awareness judicial system, prosecutors enforcement agencies reduced local livelihoods commu- nities. important ingredient success high priority traceability sustainability issues timely consequences -compliance. Illegal trade impacts Improved tagging traceability systems assist overcome false declarations origin, laun- dering wild skins direct smuggling enabled regulatory frameworks ( generally comprehensive) related compli- ance monitoring interdiction illegal trade. important clear good marking sound traceability system provide foundation compliance. management, enforcement institutional frameworks ensure legal trade detrimental survival species requires combination capacity building, management practices dedicated funding successful. 47 enforcement efforts regional task force ap- proach considered interdict illegal trade. Enhance capacity building Capacity building management practices essential building blocks enhance research, man- agement, enforcement, compliance, trade monitoring conservation education. Engaging local biologists scientists research questions related sustain- production systems important step en- courage managers local communities engage sustained strategies. Dedicated funding en- annual inputs research (scientists biolo- gists), management (Management Scientific Au- thorities), enforcement (port inspectors task force investigations), compliance (facility inspections - port reviews), trade monitoring (CITES trade database annual report studies) conservation education, marsh market story explaining sustainable trade benefits commerce (economic incentives), conservation (ecosystems) communities (local people cultures). combination range State revenue ( 5% skin export ) match- ing program, , python resource fund, expedite capacity building devel- opment management practices. Encourage stakeholder engagement regular forum, support UNCTAD CITES Secretariat coordination (IUCN/SSC balanced collaboration scientists, range States, conservationists industry integral part developing protection, management, sustainable strategies conservation education large CITES Appendix II-listed snakes. range State workshops recommended early 2014 (- fore CITES Animal Committee meeting April) ensure dialogue collaboration stakeholders continue. Dedicated funding Dedicated funding options essential fi- - - gram approaches duties monitoring revenue examples considered. Industry creation python resource fund proportionally support partially match range State efforts enhanced traceability sustainability. starting point discussions funds needed range State revenue industry matching pro- grams previously presented capacity build- ing section . Recommend equitable cost benefit sharing Economic incentives legal trade, -added tan- ning manufacturing options, development meat -product markets, recogni- equitable sharing benefits important ways enhance equitable cost access benefit sharing. industry matching fund program range States expedite capacity building development management practices pri- ority. Economic incentives encourage legal trade implemented current disincentives legal trade represented imbalance demand dried skins crust leather addressed. Animal welfare humane killing guidelines - . OIE encouraged - sider guidelines international standard range States incorporate guidelines management practices. - dustry governments expedite pro- cess providing funding assistance. steps gather data inform CITES pro- cess. - ers, public-private partnerships, order implement initiatives addressing issues tagging, stockpiling, sustainable sourcing, monitor- ing, animal welfare dedicated funding issues. - islation regulations require python skins trade tagged 2015 stockpiles TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS python skins inventoried tagged 2014 promoted considered. 2014 phase python skin initiatives address tagging traceabil- ity frameworks, stockpile inventories, sustainable sourcing guidelines, enforcement, compliance, trade monitoring, dedicated funding, capacity building, management practices animal welfare issues, findings Expert workshops target interested stakehold- ers, including governments range States, CITES Management Authorities interested represen- tatives private sector. workshop reports submitted CITES Secretariat submission Animal Committee April 2014, complement studies reports considered. part Study. continued trade data previous 20 years (1995-2015). Consideration expand trade concept species reviews status species trade industry participants simple ways communicate infor- mation derived CITES trade species database maintains behalf CITES Secretariat industry stakeholders. development data portal species - views suggested. review options expedite electronic reporting tagging traceability data considered move real-time exchange data - porting importing countries. Options elec- tronic permitting considered. - sumers public sustainable benefits commerce (economic incentives), conservation (ecosystems) communities (local people cultures) needed. levels captive-bred python skins reported trade Nam. warrant surveys monitoring python breeding operations South East Asia. CITES mission South East Asia considered address issues affect issuance permits certificates serve basis intergovernmental certification pro- cess. 49 ANNEXES Note: Annexes, listed , 2. Analysis humane killing methods reptiles . World Trade Large CITES Listed Snake Species. 7. Executive Summary Indonesia, 2013. Annexes 50 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS References Auliya, . 22 (2). 2012 http:// . 2010 http://www. . Snake - tronic Timber Tracking Technologies. Morelia viridis) Indonesia. Trade. Consumer Markets. 51 Consultations undertaken : Government: SA). - Viet Nam: Thai Truyen (Deputy Director, CITES MA), Nguyen Thi Minh Thuong (Administration Forestry). Conservation Research: - Industry Private Sector: , - Consultations 52 TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN PYTHON SKINS Notes 1 Consensus reached stakeholders present meetings carried Study. 6 Annex 1, published -line http://www.biotrade.org. 9 CITES principle sustainability entails ensuring exploitation species international trade detrimental survival wild. 10 scientific authority state export satisfies management authority state export specimen obtained contravention laws state protection fauna flora. origins. 13 Chapter II. - preparation Scoping Study. 15 Indonesia established harvest quota 90% export 10% domestic purposes. Annex 7: Indonesia Scientific Authority Management Authority, , 2013 report. list CITES approved tag manufacturing companies report CITES tags . 20 field communication, technology allowing short-range wireless intercommunication mobile phones electronic devices. Source: http://oxforddictionaries./definition/english/NFC. 22 24 Export data compared import data. 26 World Trade Large CITES Listed Snake Species. 30 Annex 7, published -line http://www.biotrade.org. 31 stakeholders estimated 60% harvest areas, maintained hand cap- ture accounted majority harvest. 33 Daniel Natusch, pers. Comm. 34 information passport system apply leather python skins awaited -line http://www.biotrade.org. 37 Annex 2, published -line http://www.biotrade.org. TA / IT / /2 0 1 3 /6 – Ph ot cr ed : © Fo lia , fi ve sp ot Printed United Nations, Geneva – 1410410 () – August 2014 – 648 – UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2012/6